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Each virtual machine (VM) is an independent system with an independent set of virtual hardware. Its main features are the following:
- A virtual machine resembles and works like a regular computer. It has its own virtual hardware. Software applications can run in virtual machines without any modifications or adjustment.
- Virtual machine configuration can be changed easily, e.g., by adding new virtual disks or memory.
- Although virtual machines share physical hardware resources, they are fully isolated from each other (file system, processes, sysctl variables) and the compute node.
- A virtual machine can run any supported guest operating system.
The following table lists the current virtual machine configuration limits:
- These scripts, written in Perl, are quite simple in nature. I spend a lot of time cleaning out and exploring preference files when administering Mac OS X machines, and Mac OS X 10.4's propensity.
- Go to Devices on the Parallels menu bar and select DevicesCD/DVDConnect image. Then go to Parallels DesktopContentsResourcesToolsprl-tools-lin.iso and open again. This time you should have no cd icon on your desktop. Mount the CD from terminal using mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom.
- Download Camtasia Studio 9 with CrackFree from hyperlinks shared below or Public Web. Run its set up document and wait until to become installed totally. Are now using activation essential or Serial essential forCamtasia Studio room Mac account activation. OR make use of crack for long term service.
By the way I can see the Parallels Tools ISO image file for Linux (prl-tools-lin.iso) sitting at Parallels DesktopDevicesCD/DVD1 but I don't know how to confirm that it is mounted to the Linux CD/DVD drive. I would appreciate any assistance but I warn you not to assume that I have much knowledge in any of this. Click on the Devices tab - CD/DVD 1 - Connect Image - locate prl-tools-win.iso at: Applications - Parallels Desktop - Contents - Resources - Tools Connect that image to the virtual machine.
Resource | Limit |
---|---|
RAM | 1 TiB |
CPU | 48 logical CPUs |
Storage | 15 volumes, 512 TiB each |
Network | 15 NICs |
A logical CPU is a core (thread) in a multicore (multithreading) processor.
4.4.1. Supported Guest Operating Systems¶
The following guest operating systems have been tested and are supported in virtual machines:
Operating System | Edition | Architecture |
---|---|---|
Windows Server 2019 | Essentials, Standard, Datacenter | x64 |
Windows Server 2016 | Essentials, Standard, Datacenter | x64 |
Windows Server 2012 R2 | Essentials, Standard, Datacenter | x64 |
Windows Server 2012 | Standard, Datacenter | x64 |
Windows Server 2008 R2 | Standard, Datacenter | x64 |
Windows Server 2008 | Standard, Datacenter | x64 |
Windows 10 | Home, Professional, Enterprise,Enterprise 2016 LTSB | x64 |
Windows 8.1 | Home, Professional, Enterprise | x64 |
Windows 7 | Home, Professional, Enterprise | x64 |
Operating System | Architecture |
---|---|
CentOS 8.x | x64 |
CentOS 7.x | x64 |
CentOS 6.x | x64 |
RHEL 8.x | x64 |
RHEL 7.x | x64 |
Debian 9.x | x64 |
Ubuntu 20.04.x | x64 |
Ubuntu 18.04.x | x64 |
Ubuntu 16.04.x | x64 |
4.4.2. Creating Virtual Machines¶
Before you proceed to creating VMs, check that you have these:
- A guest OS source (see Managing Images):
- a distribution ISO image of a guest OS to install in the VM, or
- a template that is a boot volume in the QCOW2 format, or
- a boot volumeNoteTo obtain a boot volume, create a volume as described in Managing Compute Volumes, attach it to a VM, install an operating system in it, then delete the VM.
- A storage policy for volumes (see Managing Storage Policies)
- A flavor (see Managing Flavors)
- One or more virtual networks (see Managing Compute Network)
- An SSH key (see Managing SSH Keys)NoteYou can specify an SSH key only when creating VMs from a template or boot volume.
Note
Virtual machines are created with the host CPU model by default. Having compute nodes with different CPUs may lead to live migration issues. To avoid them, you can manually set CPU model for all new VMs as described in Setting Virtual Machines CPU Model.
To create a VM, do the following:
- On the COMPUTE > Virtual machines > VIRTUAL MACHINES tab, click Create virtual machine. A window will open where you will need to specify VM parameters.
- Specify a name for the new VM.
- In Deploy from, choose Volume if you have a boot volume or want to create one. Otherwise, choose Image.
- Depending on your choice, click the pencil icon in the Volumes or Image section and do one of the following:
- In the Images window, select the ISO image or template and click Done.
- In the Volumes window, do one of the following:
- If you have prepared a volume with an installed guest OS, click Attach, find and select the volume, and click Done.
- Optionally, in the Volumes window, click Add or Attach to create or attach any other volumes you need. To select a volume as bootable, place it first in the list by clicking the up arrow button next to it.
- After you select an image or a volume, the Placement drop-down list is displayed. Placements are created by the administrator to group nodes or VMs sharing a distinctive feature, like a special license. Select the placement corresponding to the VM characteristics. For more information, see Managing Placements.
- In the Flavor window, choose a flavor and click Done.
- In the network window, click Add, select a virtual network interface and click Add. It will appear in the Network interfaces list.You can edit additional parameters of newly added network interfaces, like IP and MAC addresses and spoofing protection. To do this, click interface’s ellipsis icon, then Edit, and set parameters in the Edit network interface window.You will not be able to edit these parameters later. Instead, you will be able to delete the old network interface and replace it with a new one.Click Done.
- (Optional) If you are deploying the VM from a template or boot volume (not an ISO image), you can specify the following:
- An SSH key to be injected into the VM. To do it, select an SSH key in the Select an SSH key window, and click Done.NoteTo be able to connect to the VM via SSH, make sure the VM template or boot volume has cloud-init and OpenSSH installed (see Preparing Templates).
- User data to customize the VM after launch. You can specify user data in one of two formats: cloud-config or shell script. To do it, write a script in the Customization script field or browse a file on your local server to load the script from.NoteFor the guest OS to be customizable, make sure the VM template or boot volume has cloud-init installed (see Preparing Templates).To inject a script in a Windows VM, refer to the Cloudbase-Init documentation. For example, you can set a new password for the account using the following script:
- Back in the Create virtual machine window, click Deploy to create and boot the VM.
- If you are deploying the VM from an ISO image (not a boot volume template or a volume with a pre-installed guest OS), select the VM, click Console, and install the guest OS using the built-in VNC console.
- (Optional) If you are deploying the VM from a prepared template with an injected SSH key, you can connect to it via SSH using the username and the VM IP address:
- For Linux templates, enter the username that is default for the cloud image OS (for example, for a CentOS cloud image, the default login is
centos
). - For Windows templates, enter the username that you specified during Cloudbase-Init installation.
For example: - For Linux templates, enter the username that is default for the cloud image OS (for example, for a CentOS cloud image, the default login is
4.4.3. Virtual Machine Actions Overview¶
After you create a virtual machine, you can manage it using the actions available for its current state. To see the full list of available actions, click the ellipsis button next to a VM or on top of its panel. Actions include:
- Run powers up a VM.
- Console connects to running VMs via the built-in VNC console. In the console browser window, you can send a key combination to a VM, take a screenshot of the console window, and download the console log.
- Reboot soft-reboots a running VM.
- Shut down gracefully shuts down a running VM.
- Hard reboot cuts off and restores power, then starts a VM.
- Power off forcibly cuts off power from a VM.
- Shelve unbinds a stopped VM from the node it is hosted on and releases its reserved resources such as CPU and RAM. A shelved VM remains bootable and retains its configuration, including the IP addresses.Virtual machines in other states can be shelved by clicking Shut down or Power off and selecting the checkbox Shelve virtual machine in the confirmation window.
- Unshelve spawns a shelved VM on a node with enough resources to host it.
- Suspend saves the current VM state to a file.This may prove useful, for example, if you need to restart the host but do not want to quit the applications currently running in the VM or restart its guest OS.
- Resume restores a VM from suspended state.
- Download console log downloads the console log. Make sure logging is enabled inside the VM, otherwise the log will be empty (for more information, see Enabling Logging inside Virtual Machines).Examining console logs may be useful in troubleshooting failed virtual machines.
- Reset state resets the VM stuck in a failed or transitional state to its last stable state: active, shut down or shelved.
- Delete removes a VM from the compute cluster.
- Migrate moves a VM to another node in the compute cluster (for more information, see Migrating Virtual Machines).
4.4.4. Enabling Logging inside Virtual Machines¶
VM’s console log will contain log messages only if the TTY1 and TTYS0 logging levels are enabled inside the VM. For example, you can enable them as follows in Linux VMs:
- Add the line
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT='console=tty1console=ttyS0'
to the file/etc/default/grub
. - Depending on the boot loader, run eitheror
- Reboot the VM.
In Windows VMs, you can enable Emergency Management Services (EMS) console redirection for this purpose. Do the following:
- Start Windows PowerShell with administrator privileges.
- In the PowerShell console, set the COM port and baud rate for EMS console redirection. As Windows VMs have only the COM1 port with the transmission rate of 9600 bps, run:
- Enable EMS for the current boot entry:
You may also enable driver status logging to see the list of loaded drivers. This can be useful for troubleshooting a faulty driver or long boot process. You can do this as follows:
- Start System Configuration with administrator privileges.
- In the System Configuration windows, open the Boot tab, select the checkboxes OS boot information and Make all boot settings permanent.
- Confirm the changes and restart the system.
4.4.5. Migrating Virtual Machines¶
VM migration helps facilitate cluster upgrades and workload balancing between compute nodes. Acronis Cyber Infrastructure allows you to perform two types of migration:
- Cold migration for stopped and suspended virtual machines
- Hot migration for running virtual machines (allows you to avoid VM downtime)
For both migration types, a virtual machine is migrated between compute nodes using shared storage, so no block device migration takes place.
Hot migration consists of the following steps:
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- All VM memory is copied to the destination node while the virtual machine keeps running on the source node. If a VM memory page changes, it is copied again.
- When only a few memory pages are left to copy, the VM is stopped on the source node, the remaining pages are transferred, and the VM is restarted on the destination node.
Large virtual machines with write-intensive workloads write to memory faster than memory changes can be transferred to the destination node, thus preventing migration from converging. For such VMs, the auto-converge mechanism is used. When a lack of convergence is detected during live migration, VM’s vCPU execution speed is throttled down, which also slows down writing to VM memory. Initially, virtual machine’s vCPU is throttled by 20% and then by 10% during each iteration. This process continues until writing to VM memory slows down enough for migration to complete or the VM vCPU is throttled by 99%.
Note
Virtual machines are created with the host CPU model by default. Having compute nodes with different CPUs may lead to live migration issues. To avoid them, you can manually set CPU model for all new VMs as described in Setting Virtual Machines CPU Model.
To migrate a VM, do the following:
- On the COMPUTE > Virtual machines > VIRTUAL MACHINES tab, click a VM to migrate, click the ellipsis button and choose Migrate.
- In the new window, specify the destination node:
- Auto. Automatically select the optimal destination among cluster nodes based on available CPU and RAM resources.
- Select the destination node manually from the drop-down list.
- By default, running VMs are migrated live. You can change the migration mode to offline by ticking the Cold migration checkbox. A VM will be stopped and restarted on the destination node after migration.
- Click Migrate to reserve resources on the destination node and start migration.
The admin panel will show the migration progress.
4.4.6. Reconfiguring and Monitoring Virtual Machines¶
To monitor virtual machine’s CPU, storage, and network usage, select the VM and open the Monitoring tab.
The default time interval for the charts is 12 hours. To zoom into a particular time interval, select the internal with the mouse; to reset zoom, double click any chart.
The following performance charts are available:
- CPU / RAM
- CPU and RAM usage by the VM.
- Network
- Incoming and outgoing network traffic.
- Storage read/write
- Amount of data read and written by the VM.
- Read/write latency
- Read and write latency. Hovering the mouse cursor over a point on the chart, you can also see the average and maximum latency for that moment as well as the 95 and 99 percentiles.
To reconfigure a VM, select it and, on the Overview tab, click the pencil icon next to a parameter you need to change. You cannot do the following:
- Change, detach, or delete the boot volume
- Manage non-boot volumes except attaching and detaching
- Modify previously added network interfaces
- Attach and detach network interfaces to and from shelved VMs
- Change the flavor for running and shelved VMs
4.4.7. Configuring Virtual Machine High Availability¶
High availability keeps virtual machines operational if the node they are located on fails due to kernel crash, power outage and such or becomes unreachable over the network. Graceful shutdown is not considered a failure event.
Important
The compute cluster can survive the failure of only one node.
In the event of failure, the system will attempt to evacuate affected VMs automatically, that is, migrate them offline with auto-scheduling to other healthy compute nodes in the following order:
- VMs with the “Active” status are evacuated first and automatically started.
- VMs with the “Shut down” status are evacuated next and remain stopped.
- All other VMs are ignored and left on the failed node.
If something blocks the evacuation, for example, destination compute nodes lack resources to host the affected VMs, these VMs remain on the failed node and receive the “Error” status. You can evacuate them manually after solving the issue (providing sufficient resources, joining new nodes to the cluster, etc.). To do this, click the ellipsis button next to such a VM or open its panel and click Evacuate.
When the failed node becomes available again, it is fenced from scheduling new VMs on it and can be returned to operation manually. To do it, click the ellipsis button next to the fenced node or open its panel and then click Return to operation.
By default, high availability for virtual machines is enabled automatically after creating the compute cluster. If required, you can disable it manually as follows:
- Click the VM for which you wish to disable HA.
- On the VM panel, click the pencil icon next to the High availability parameter.
- In the High availability window, disable HA for the VM and click Save.
Virtual machines with disabled HA will not be evacuated to healthy nodes in case of failover.
4.4.8. Managing Guest Tools¶
This section explains how to install and uninstall the guest tools. This functionality is required for Running Commands in Virtual Machines without Network Connectivity, as well as for creating consistent snapshots of a running VM’s disks (refer to Managing Volume Snapshots).
4.4.8.1. Installing Guest Tools¶
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Installation of the guest tools inside a virtual machine includes steps performed by users with different roles: a system administrator and a VM user.
As a system administrator, you need to do the following:
- Upload the guest tools ISO files located in the
/usr/share/vz-guest-tools/
directory on any compute node to a network share or FTP server:- for a Windows guest, upload
vz-guest-tools-win.iso
- for a Linux guest, upload
vz-guest-tools-lin.iso
- for a Windows guest, upload
- Provide access to the uploaded ISO file to a VM user.
As a VM user, log in to the virtual machine and do the following:
- Inside a Windows VM:
- Download the Windows guest tools ISO image provided by your system administrator.
- Mount the image inside the VM.
- On Windows 8 or Windows Server 2012 or newer, you can natively mount an ISO image. To do this, right-click the guest tools ISO image and select Mount.
- On Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008, you need a third-party application to mount ISO images.
- Go to the mounted optical drive in Explorer and install the guest tools by running
setup.exe
. - After the installation is complete, restart the VM.
- Inside a Linux VM:
- Download the Linux guest tools ISO image provided by your system administrator.
- Create a mount point for the optical drive with the guest tools image and run the installer:
Note
Guest tools rely on the QEMU guest agent that is installed alongside the tools. The agent service must be running for the tools to work.
4.4.8.2. Uninstalling Guest Tools¶
If you find out that the guest tools are incompatible with some software inside a virtual machine, you can uninstall them as follows:
- Inside a Windows VM:
- Remove the QEMU device drivers from the device manager.ImportantDo not remove the VirtIO/SCSI hard disk driver and NetKVM network driver. Without the former, the VM will not boot; without the latter, the VM will lose network connectivity.
- Uninstall the QEMU guest agent and guest tools from the list of installed applications.
- Stop and delete Guest Tools Monitor:
- Unregister Guest Tools Monitor from Event Log:
- Delete the autorun registry key for RebootNotifier:
- Delete the
C:ProgramFilesQemu-ga
directory.IfVzGuestToolsMonitor.exe
is locked, close all the Event Viewer windows. If it remains locked, restart theeventlog
service:
After removing the guest tools, restart the virtual machine. - Inside a Linux VM:
- Remove the packages:
- On RPM-based systems (CentOS and other):
- On DEB-based systems (Debian and Ubuntu):If any of the packages listed above are not installed on your system, the command will fail. In this case, exclude these packages from the command and run it again.
- Remove the files:
- Reload the
udev
rules:
After removing guest tools, restart the virtual machine.
Jul 21, 2020
Howto: Mac mini multi-boot without GRUB2/rEFIt woes
In trying to set up a triple-boot OS X/Karmic/XP setup on my 2009 mac mini, I encountered some (but not all) of the problems in this thread and many others. I found that if you don’t take special precautions, Karmic will easily render both your Ubuntu installation and your Windows installation (if you have one) unbootable.
The problem here is essentially that every piece of software in the installation chain is broken in some way or lacks some piece of critical functionality. There are many holes and if you step in one, you’ll have to go back to start. It may be possible to get installed in the normal fashion if you have enough days to spare, but I spent many hours following the steps in that thread and others only to replace my original problem with others, then restore the original. I wanted to have Linux installed before February so I chose to avoid, rather than fix, the broken bits.
This post contains few troubleshooting phases (‘run this command and see if it fixes the problem’) but does require you do do a few things that will seem insane. I’ll try to explain why, without getting too tangential. I’m not entirely sure that I’ll manage, so forgive me if I ramble too much.
The Rogues Gallery
Each of these pieces of software is culpable in some way. Whenever you use one of these programs, keep the bugs in mind and simply don’t use whatever is broken. One of the other pieces of software will pick up the slack.
The problem here is essentially that every piece of software in the installation chain is broken in some way or lacks some piece of critical functionality. There are many holes and if you step in one, you’ll have to go back to start. It may be possible to get installed in the normal fashion if you have enough days to spare, but I spent many hours following the steps in that thread and others only to replace my original problem with others, then restore the original. I wanted to have Linux installed before February so I chose to avoid, rather than fix, the broken bits.
This post contains few troubleshooting phases (‘run this command and see if it fixes the problem’) but does require you do do a few things that will seem insane. I’ll try to explain why, without getting too tangential. I’m not entirely sure that I’ll manage, so forgive me if I ramble too much.
The Rogues Gallery
Each of these pieces of software is culpable in some way. Whenever you use one of these programs, keep the bugs in mind and simply don’t use whatever is broken. One of the other pieces of software will pick up the slack.
- OS X Disk Utility
- rEFIt (http://refit.sourceforge.net)
- GRUB (specifically version 1.97 beta, IIRC)
- Ubuntu Installer/GParted
- Windows XP Installer
GRUB and GParted are most broken here. Be extra careful when dealing with them. GRUB2, in particular, is horrendously broken. It will hose your disk, and it’s up to you to decide if you are up to the task of searching the forums and fixing it.
Partition notes
Only the first three partitions you see in Disk Utility will be part of the MBR disk. MBR supports four primary partitions, but there is a tiny partition at the beginning of the disk which Disk Utility is hiding from you. So you only have three.
On an EFI disk, you cannot create extended partitions, but you can create more than four primary partitions. Windows won’t be able to see partitions after the fourth one, but Ubuntu can see them all. Put your Ubuntu root (or /boot if you like it that way) on partition 3 and if you need more, you can add them at the end. Dozens of howtos on the internet say that if you are installing Windows, install it on partition 4. Remember, in Disk Utility this will look like 2 and 3.
The EFI Dance
Just get used to doing this series of steps every time you make a change to a partition, format something, or install an operating system. Keep in mind that the Ubuntu LiveCD won’t be able to reboot.
1. Shutdown.
2. Start up.
3. In rEFIt, select the partition tool. If asked to synchronize the disks, say 'y.’ Be on the lookout for 'Unknown’ appearing in the MBR. If it does, you did something wrong and will need to fix it/start over.
4. Boot into OS X. A rEFIt script in the startup does some magic to 'bless’ the disk.
5. Shutdown.
6. Start up.
Installation steps
The main thing to do here is avoid GRUB2. After reading that, if you are upgrading, Ubuntu will not replace the original GRUB with GRUB2, I realized that the way to get Karmic installed is to start with Jaunty. Jaunty (9.04) is the latest version of the installer than uses the original GRUB, and you will need that if you want an easy mac install.
1. In OS X Disk Utility, shrink the OS X partition and create partitions for Ubuntu and/or Windows. These new partitions should be ms-dos (FAT32).
Notes
In my experience, any of the following will cause rEFIt to be unable to properly sync the disk. One of the partitions showed up as 'Unknown’ if I did one of these: Creating a partition with Ubuntu installer/GParted, formatting a partition as FAT32 in GParted, formatting a partition AS NTFS in GParted. The only solution when this happens is to delete the partition and start over with Disk Utility.
rEFIt can only sync very clean, well-behaved data. When hit with the output of GParted (which I suspect is invalid but am not qualified to say for sure), it can’t deal with it and chokes. But Disk Utility is fine. It can reliably create and resize partitions that rEFIt will be happy with. I never had any problems with it. Always create your partitions with Disk Utility.
On the other hand, Disk Utility can only create or format HFS+ and FAT32 partitions. It also wastes ~128MB of space after each HFS+ partition (but not after FAT32 partitions), so always create FAT32 partitions.
Disk Utility cannot reliably delete NTFS or ext3 partitions, or partitions that show up as Unknown in rEFIt. Sometimes it refuses to look at the disk, sometimes it errors out but will work if you retry, and sometimes it completely crashes. I found it safer to delete, but not create, partitions with the Ubuntu LiveCD.
FAT32 partitions created are not bootable after a Windows install, so you must get the Windows installer to format the partition.
2. Do the EFI Dance.
3. Boot the Ubuntu live CD and format the partitions you want for linux. According to various forums, rEFIt doesn’t support ext4, so it is probably safest to stick with ext3. Your call.
Notes
3. Boot the Ubuntu live CD and format the partitions you want for linux. According to various forums, rEFIt doesn’t support ext4, so it is probably safest to stick with ext3. Your call.
Notes
When installing Windows, there will be only one FAT32 partition to choose, which makes it impossible to miss. When installing Ubuntu, all you will need to do is select your already-formatted ext3 partitions.
GParted can format partitions as ext3 (I can’t confirm swap; with 4GB of RAM, I don’t need it; might eventually have a small swap file). It also doesn’t have problems with deleting partitions.
4. EFI Dance.
(Windows XP steps, not needed if you don’t triple boot).
5. (Optional, depending on installer version) Fill up the FAT32 partition with files. Leave as few megs as possible.
Notes
(Windows XP steps, not needed if you don’t triple boot).
5. (Optional, depending on installer version) Fill up the FAT32 partition with files. Leave as few megs as possible.
Notes
XP cannot create partitions on a GPT/MBR disk, and it will not install on an existing partition formatted as NTFS (by GParted, at least). If you install on a FAT32 partition created by Disk Utility, it won’t boot, so you must get XP to format.
Depending on the specific type of XP you are installing (apparently), it might not give you the option to format. But if leave so little free space on the drive that Windows will be forced to format it, then you’ll get the option to format.
6. Put the XP CD in and restart. Hold down 'C’ when restarting. When XP says to press any key too boot from CD, press a key.
7. Select the FAT32 partition. You will be asked to reformat it. Do so.
8. When it reboots, hold down 'C’ when restarting. When XP says to press any key too boot from CD, DON’T. Just wait.
9. After this phase of install it will reboot again. Hold down 'C’ when restarting. When XP says to press any key too boot from CD, DON’T. Just wait.
10. When XP starts up, remove the XP disk and put in the OS X DVD. Install the Apple hardware drivers.
11. EFI Dance. After the dance, you should be able to boot XP through rEFIt and by holding down Alt when booting. It worked for me three times, and once I did the dance, everything was OK. You’ll want to verify windows with Microsoft.
(End Windows XP steps)
12. Boot Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04) with either the alternate installer iso or the mini iso.
Notes
7. Select the FAT32 partition. You will be asked to reformat it. Do so.
8. When it reboots, hold down 'C’ when restarting. When XP says to press any key too boot from CD, DON’T. Just wait.
9. After this phase of install it will reboot again. Hold down 'C’ when restarting. When XP says to press any key too boot from CD, DON’T. Just wait.
10. When XP starts up, remove the XP disk and put in the OS X DVD. Install the Apple hardware drivers.
11. EFI Dance. After the dance, you should be able to boot XP through rEFIt and by holding down Alt when booting. It worked for me three times, and once I did the dance, everything was OK. You’ll want to verify windows with Microsoft.
(End Windows XP steps)
12. Boot Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04) with either the alternate installer iso or the mini iso.
Notes
The Karmic installer installed GRUB2 against my wishes and hosed my disk. It wasn’t an optional choice. It wasn’t the default choice. It was the only choice. Totally irresponsible. Installing GRUB2 will most likely be the last thing you do before deleting all your MBR partitions and starting over.
Also, rEFIt hasn’t been updated since March of 2009, so it won’t recognize GRUB2 either. It will just be a 'legacy disk.’
Jaunty won’t install GRUB2, not having it. The theory with a minimal installation is that it means less stuff that can break on upgrade. Personally, I used the mini ISO and unetbootin.
13. When you get to the partitioning stage, select your existing partitions, which you formatted in step 3, select the proper type of disk and mount them. At minimum, mount / and /swap (if you’re using it).
14. When you get to GRUB, install it to either the MBR or to the Ubuntu partition. Personally, I chose to install to /sda, so that is the only method I can personally confirm. There is a down side to this: after you do this, you will get the grub menu on both the Linux and Windows menu entries in rEFIt.
I can’t confirm that it works with /sda3, but most of the howtos on the net recommend it.
Notes
14. When you get to GRUB, install it to either the MBR or to the Ubuntu partition. Personally, I chose to install to /sda, so that is the only method I can personally confirm. There is a down side to this: after you do this, you will get the grub menu on both the Linux and Windows menu entries in rEFIt.
I can’t confirm that it works with /sda3, but most of the howtos on the net recommend it.
Notes
The only minus to installing GRUB on the MBR is cosmetic. You have two menus that do the same thing. It also takes several seconds longer to boot into Windows.
But this works for me. It works even when you skip rEFIt entirely, by holding down Alt when starting up. There is no Linux option here, but if you select Windows, you still get to boot Linux. You might even be able to get rid of rEFIT entirely, should you choose.
15. Do the EFI dance. I *think* this is the last time.
At this point, I was able to boot into Ubuntu. I had my functional triple boot system. I only got as far as step 15 once, but I don’t see much in steps 12-15 that could go wrong. Perhaps where you install GRUB, but everything did exactly what I expected it to do.
16.
At this point, I was able to boot into Ubuntu. I had my functional triple boot system. I only got as far as step 15 once, but I don’t see much in steps 12-15 that could go wrong. Perhaps where you install GRUB, but everything did exactly what I expected it to do.
16.
17. Reboot. Now you are in Karmic Koala.
18.
18.
There is no reason why kubuntu-desktop or xubuntu-desktop wouldn’t work just as well.
19. Reboot. Now you are in a normal Ubuntu login.
20. You will still be able to connect to the internet, but won’t be able to edit the connection settings for this setting in gnome or kde network managers. This seems to be caused by the upgrade. It’s a very old bug that still hasn’t been fixed.
19. Reboot. Now you are in a normal Ubuntu login.
20. You will still be able to connect to the internet, but won’t be able to edit the connection settings for this setting in gnome or kde network managers. This seems to be caused by the upgrade. It’s a very old bug that still hasn’t been fixed.
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Under 'auto eth0’ will be a line starting with iface. Comment it out or delete it, save, and reboot. Then delete the auto eth0 connection in gnome network manager.
21. Find your device under CategoryMac and finish any extra hardware steps. For the Mac Mini 3.1, I have one thing to add. If you add reboot=pci to your boot options, I can confirm that rebooting will work.
Summary
Ubuntu on the mac mini is like Satan’s own jan-ken-pon game. Fixing problems caused by other developers has been my job for a decade, so I was sort of used to it, but it was still painful. Ubuntu made XP unbootable twice, forcing me to start over, but it seems to be functional now and running nicely.
21. Find your device under CategoryMac and finish any extra hardware steps. For the Mac Mini 3.1, I have one thing to add. If you add reboot=pci to your boot options, I can confirm that rebooting will work.
Summary
Ubuntu on the mac mini is like Satan’s own jan-ken-pon game. Fixing problems caused by other developers has been my job for a decade, so I was sort of used to it, but it was still painful. Ubuntu made XP unbootable twice, forcing me to start over, but it seems to be functional now and running nicely.